in the wake of: behind, following after - در دنبال ،بتقليد،بتاسى
mass media: form of communication that reaches large numbers of people- وسايل ارتباط جمعى
aftermath : n. results, consequences, aftereffects; period immediately following - عواقب بعدى ،پس ايند
incidents: n. happening, occurrence, event; affair which could have serious consequences; embarrassing blunder; event that involves tension and potential violence- شايع، روي داد، واقعه، حادثه، ضمني، حتمي وابسته،تابع
rocked : adj. shocked, shaken; tossed, hurled, thrown - تكان نوساني دادن، جنباندن، نوسان كردن، سنگ، تختهسنگ يا صخره، سنگ خاره، صخره، جنبش، تكان
fluctuate: v. vacillate, waver, vary, change - نوسان داشتن، رويامواج بالا وپايين رفتن، ثابت نبودن، موج زدن، بي ثبات بودن
tie: n. necktie; rope, cord; link, connection; equal score in a game
Advent : n. entrance; coming, arrival; appearance
reveal : v. show, exhibit, display; expose, disclose, make public
code : n. cipher; original code, succession of commands in a programming language (Computers); collection of instructions of the law, the codex and rules
entire: adj. whole, including every part, complete, full
reiterate : v. repeat, say again, restate
consider : v. think over, think about carefully; believe; regard; take into account
co-existence : side-by-side harmonious living
reject : v. refuse, decline, deny, turn down
distortion : n. deformity, twisting out of shape; falsification, misrepresentation
unwitting : adj. unintended, inadvertent; unknowing, unaware
tamper : v. meddle, interfere; tinker, fiddle; engage in secret or improper activities
engulf : v. consume, swallow up, overwhelm; submerge, immerse غرق كردن در، غوطهورساختن، توي چيزي فروبردن،فراگرفتن، خروشانكردن
rival : n. competitor, opponent, contender هم چشم ، رقيب
priest : n. clergyman, minister; one who performs religious rites كشيش، مچتهد، روحاني، كشيشي كردن
prevail : v. win, succeed; overcome, surpass, prove superior; predominate, rule, reign چربيدن، غالب امدن، مستولي شدن، شايع شدن
so far : up until now, until this moment, thus far تا اينجا،تا اين درجه ،اينقدر،تاکنون
for instance : for example, e.g. مثلا
adverse : adj. hostile; contrary; opposed مخالف ،مغاير،ناسازگار،مضر،روبرو
propaganda : n. information spread in order to promote a particular goal تبليغ، تبليغات، پروپاگاند
improper : adj. not proper; impolite; unsuitable; irregular; incorrect ناشايسته، نامناسب، بيجا، خارجاز نزاكت
approach : n. access; incoming, drawing near; approximation; path or course leading to a specific location نزديك شدن، نزديك امدن، معبر
innovation : n. introduction of something new; change, new method or practice بدعت، ابداع، تغيير، چيز تازه، نو اوري
accusation : n. act of accusing, placing of blame; charge of an offense (حق) تهمت، اتهام
succeed : v. prosper; achieve, attain; come after, follow; take the place of; inherit كامياب شدن، موفق شدن، نتيجه بخشيدن، بدنبال امدن،بطور توالي قرار گرفتن
noteworthy : adj. worthy of notice, remarkable, significant قابل توجه ،قابل دقت ،مورد توجه ،باارزش
paganism : n. beliefs and practices of pagans, heathenism الحاد
confined : adj. constricted, restrained; limited, bound; referring to a small or tight area or space حد، محدوده، محدود كردن، منحصر كردن، محبوس كردن
Hermitage : n. place where a hermit lives; retreat, isolated dwelling گوشه عزلت ،جاى انزوا،زاويه
monopoly : n. exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market; total access or privilege to the exclusion of competitors انحصار، امتياز انحصاري، كالاي انحصاري
undermine : v. dig under, dig under the foundations of; slowly weaken or injure; sabotage, subvert تحليل بردن، از زير خراب كردن، نقب زدن
bedouin : n. nomad, wanderer; member of the Bedouin peoples (desert dwelling nomadic tribes) عرب بياباني، باديه نشين، بدوي
the Crusades : series of wars conducted by European Christians during the 11th-14th centuries in order to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule جنگ صليبي، جنگ مذهبي، نهضت، جهاد كردن
deepen : v. make deeper; become deeper گود كردن، گودشدن
glorious : adj. magnificent, dazzling, marvelous; exalted, illustrious مجلل ،عظيم ،با شکوه ،خيلى خوب
manifestation : n. act of manifesting; state of being manifested; demonstration or indication or something; materialization of a spirit; public rally or demonstration اشكار سازي، ظهور، ابراز
Renaissance : n. (c. 1350-1600) revival of the arts and learning that began in Italy and spread throughout Europe (most often associated with the works of Michelangelo, Machiavelli, Dante, and Da Vinci) دوره تجدد ادبى و فرهنگى ،رنسانس
brought about : caused, made happen
persist : v. insist, stand firm; persevere; continue سماجت كردن، پافشاري كردن، اصرار كردن، ايستادگي
come across : happen upon -, bump into, find by chance برخوردن به
dismiss : v. send away; fire; release, free روانه كردن، مرخص كردن، معاف كردن
biased : adj. prejudiced, having preconceptions تمايل بيك طرف، طرفداري، تعصب، بيك طرف متمايل كردن، تحت تاثير قراردادن، تبعيض كردن
ardent : adj. fervent, zealous, enthusiastic گرم، سوزان، تند و تيز
admirer : n. one who adores, one who venerates تحسين کننده ،ستاينده
shun : v. avoid, stay away from, abstain from دوري واجتناب، پرهيز كردن، اجتناب كردن از، گريختن
colonialism : n. policy of a nation seeking to extend it's authority over other peoples or territories, territorial expansion through the establishment of colonies- استعمار، سياست مستعمراتي
hegemony : n. authority or influence exercised by one state over others, leadership, predominance برترى ،تفوق ،استيلا،تسلط،پيشوايى ،اولويت
majority : n. greater part or number, number greater than half of the total; number of votes which amounts to more than half the votes cast; military rank or position of major; adulthood, maturity اكثريت، بيشين، بيشان
exploit : v. use, take advantage of, selfishly make use of (.n): رفتار، كردار، عمل، كاربرجسته، شاهكار،(.vt): بكار انداختن، استخراج كردن، بهره برداريكردن از، استثمار كردن
statesman : n. man who is experienced in administering government affairs, man who is a wise and experienced political leader
head : v. lead, direct; be at the front; go in a certain direction
pursue : v. chase after, follow; aspire to, strive for; continue, carry on; persist in, work at تعقيب كردن، تعاقب كردن، تحت تعقيب قانوني قراردادن، دنبال كردن، اتخاذكردن، پيگيري كردن، پيگرد كردن
disguise : v. hide, conceal, impersonate, camouflage
hostile : adj. unfriendly, antagonistic دشمن، خصومت اميز، متخاصم، ضد
assumption : n. supposition, hypothesis; seizure, act of taking فرض، خودبيني، غرور، اتخاذ، قصد، گمان، (باA )جشنصعود مريم باسمان، انگاشت
champion : v. defend, stand up for, fight for; advocate, promote پهلوان، قهرمان، مبارزه، دفاع كردن از، پشتيبانيكردن
segment : n. fragment; section; part, portion; slice, piece قطعه، بخش، قسمت، حلقه، بند، مقطع، قطعه قطعه كردن،به بخشهاي مختلف تقسيم كردن
crusader : n. one who fights in a crusade, one who joins a medieval military expedition to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims; one who campaigns for the advancement of a cause شركت كننده درجنگهاي صليبي
recession : n. slow economy, period characterized by a decline in the gross domestic product during two or more consecutive quarters; ebb, decline; withdrawal, act of receding رکود،پس رفت ،بازگشت ،اعاده ،کسادى ،بحران اقتصادى
liberty : n. freedom from outside control, independence; power to think and act freely; emancipation; freedom from captivity; right, privilege; presumption, forwardness, impertinence ازادي، اختيار، اجازه، فاعل مختاري
present : v. display, demonstrate; bestow, grant, give; offer, serve, hold out; show, exhibit پيشكش، هديه، ره اورد، اهداء، پيشكشي، زمان حاضر،زمان حال، اكنون، موجود، اماده، مهيا، حاضر، معرفيكردن، اهداء كردن، ارائه دادن
spill : v. cause or allow something to fall out of a container (especially unintentionally); scatter; shed blood; cause to fall, tumble; reveal, divulge (Informal) ريزش ،توپى ،ميله ،تيکه کاغذ،ريختن ،انداختن ،پرت کردن
venom : n. poison secreted by an animal through a bite or a sting (i.e. snake's bite, sting of a spider); spite سم ،زهر مار و عقرب و غيره ،کينه ،مسموم کردن ،مسموم شدن
bait : n. decoy, lure; enticement, seduction طعمه دادن ،خوراک دادن ،طعمه رابه قلاب ماهيگيرى بستن ،چينه ،مايه تطميع ،دانه ء دام
Usurper : n. one who usurps - غاصب
aggressor : n. one who attacks first متجاوز، مهاجم، حمله كننده، پرخاشگر
seeker : n. one who goes in search of, one who looks for; one who tries to discover; requester, one who tries to obtain
charge : n. price; responsibility; cargo; explosive charge تصدي، عهدهداري، حمله، اتهام، هزينه، وزن، مسئوليت،گماشتن، عهده دار كردن، زيربار كشيدن، متهم ساختن،مطالبه (بها)، پركردن (باطري وتفنگ)، موردحمايت
Savagery : n. state of being uncivilized; state of being untamed; cruelness; brutality; angriness, furiousness; savage act or behavior بيرحمى ،وحشيگرى ،دد ودام
intensified : adj. made more intense; strengthened, increased, heightened
unfounded : adj. not having a foundation, baseless, groundless, unproven; not yet established بى اساس ،بى پايه ،بى اصل
expansionist : n. advocate of expansion and development (especially territorial expansion)
region : n. area, territory, domain; field, area of activity or interest, sphere بوم، سرزمين، ناحيه، فضا، محوطه بسيار وسيع و بيانتها
militarily : adv. in a military manner or style; from a military point of view از لحاظ نظامى
came up : arose; sprang forth, appeared; approached پيش امدن ،مطرح شدن
weird : adj. strange, odd, queer; mysterious, unearthly, supernatural; concerned with fate or destiny (Archaic) خارق العاده ،غريب ،جادو،مرموز
clash : n. sound of objects banging together; confrontation, conflict برخورد،تصادم شديد کردن
sinister : adj. evil, malicious; threatening, ominous, portending evil; left, on the left side گمراه کننده ،بدخواه ،کج ،نادرست ،خطا،فاسد،بديمن ،بدشگون ،ناميمون ،شيطانى
visage : n. face, countenance; aspect, look, appearance رخسار،رخ ،چهره ،رو،صورت ،لقا،سيما،منظر،نما
dished out: distribute in portions
vis: n. power, strength (Latin) نيرو،زور،قوت ،قدرت ،پيچ
Trend : n. tendency, course, bearing; fashion, mode روند ، تمايل ، گرايش
teachings of : theories of, doctrines of - اصول
convey : v. carry, transport; bear, transmit; impart, disclose رساندن، بردن، حمل كردن، نقل كردن
pool : v. join, attach; combine, unite; deposit into a communal fund استخر، ائتلاف كردن،سرمايه گذاري مشترك ومساوي
conscious : adj. aware; awake - هوشيار، بهوش، اگاه، باخبر، ملتفت، وارد
eager : adj. strongly desiring, keen, fervently interested مشتاق ،ذيعلاقه ،ترد و شکننده
credible : adj. reliable, trustworthy, dependable معتبر، باور كردني، موثق
genuine : adj. original; real, true; natural; honest, sincere خالص ،اصل ،اصلى ،واقعى ،حقيقى ،درست
dispel : v. disperse, scatter, lessen, expel, drive away برطرف كردن، دفع كردن، طلسم را باطل كردن
Trend : n. tendency, course, bearing; fashion, mode- روند ، تمايل ، گرايش
fed up : sick and tired of, had enough, disgusted with
frustrated : adj. aggravated; disappointed, discouraged - بى نتيجه ( مانده) ،باطل ،بيهوده ،عقيم مانده
brazen : adj. brass, metallic; insolent, impudent - برنجي، (مج.) بي شرم، بي باك، بي پروايي نشان دادن،گستاخي كردن
innate : adj. native, natural, inborn; inherent ذاتي، فطري، جبلي، مادرزاد، طبيعي،
futile : adj. fruitless, unproductive; unsuccessful; worthless بيهوده، پوچ، بي فايده، باطل، عبث، بي اثر
decree : v. order by law, ordain, proclaim حكم كردن، حكم، فرمان